Serving RaspiOS via Netboot

This guide covers explanation and implementation of converting an SD card ready OS Image, into a Netboot friendly format.

I’ll be using RaspiOS but the process should be generic enough to cover most Pi compatible OS’s

Explanation

Raspberry Pi OS (formerly known as Raspbian) is the official operating system for Raspberry Pi single-board computers, providing a Debian-based Linux distribution optimized for the Raspberry Pi hardware.

The Raspberry Pi foundation provide downloadable SD card images of their OS. But these images are primarily intended to be written to an SD card (or similar physical media), so we will need to extract the contents into a netboot friendly format.

Components

• Image File
  • The Raspios img file is a disk image of the Raspberry Pi OS, encapsulating the entire operating system, bootloader, and file system, ready to be written to an SD card for use with Raspberry Pi single-board computers.
• Bootloader Partition
  • The bootloader partition of the image file contains kernel, firmware and configuration information necessary for initializing the Raspberry Pi during the boot process.
  • The bootloader partition then tells the Pi where to find the OS partition
• OS Partition
  • The OS partition of the image file contains the actual operating system files, including the Linux kernel, system libraries, and user-space applications, organized in a file system structure compatible with the Raspberry Pi hardware.

Implementation

Obtaining the Boot + OS files

Get rid of any surrounding compression, ensure you have the IMG file ready in a working directory.

We need to mount the partitions contained within the image so we can properly extract the contents.

To do this the easy way, you can mount the image with with losetup -Pf <image-file> --show which will automatically figure out partition info of the provided file and create loop devices for each partition

root@ubuntuvm:~$ losetup -Pf ./download/extracted/2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite.img --show
/dev/loop100

The command will return the name of the loop device being used, the partitions will be available as p${Index} suffixed devices, which can be mounted like so:

mount /dev/loop100p1 /mnt/tmp-img-boot
mount /dev/loop100p2 /mnt/tmp-img-os

You are now able to query their contents:

root@ubuntuvm:~$ ls /mnt/tmp-img-boot/

armstub8-gic.bin     bcm2711-rpi-cm4s.dtb  fixup4.dat    fixup.dat     start4db.elf  start_db.elf     u-boot-rpi4.bin
bcm2711-rpi-400.dtb  bootcode.bin          fixup4db.dat  fixup_db.dat  start4.elf    start.elf
bcm2711-rpi-4-b.dtb  config.txt            fixup4x.dat   fixup_x.dat   start4x.elf   start_x.elf
bcm2711-rpi-cm4.dtb  fixup4cd.dat          fixup_cd.dat  start4cd.elf  start_cd.elf  u-boot-rpi3.bin

You’ll maybe have noticed config.txt is in here - these are the files the Pi needs to boot, and is looking for on the TFTP server!

So all we have to do now is copy the contents over to the appropriate locations - to potentially support multiple OS’s/configurations I’ve put my OS files in a relevantly-named subdirectory 2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite

cp -r /mnt/tmp-img-os/* ./src/bootstrap/netboot/os/2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite
cp -r /mnt/tmp-img-boot/* ./src/bootstrap/netboot/boot

🥳 We now have the files we need! However we’re not done yet.

Modifying the Bootloader & OS to use NFS

Since we’ve ripped these files directly from an SD card image, they are likely still configured to look for the OS files on a partition of the SD card.

We need to update cmdline.txt in the boot directory to tell the bootloader to look for the OS files on an NFS share, as opposed to the SD card. Use a minimal set of netboot flags:

./src/bootstrap/netboot/boot/cmdline.txt

ip=dhcp root=/dev/nfs rootwait rootdelay=5 rw \
nfsroot=192.168.1.66:/mnt/nfsshare/2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite,v3,tcp,ro

Additionally the OS partition still has some fstab entries for the SD card, they need updated to look on the NFS share as well. Note: some OS images use /boot/firmware (Ubuntu, newer Raspberry Pi OS), while others use /boot. Adjust the mount path accordingly:

./src/bootstrap/netboot/os/2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite/etc/fstab

proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# If your OS uses /boot/firmware:
192.168.1.66:/mnt/nfsshare/2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite/boot/firmware /boot/firmware nfs defaults 0 2
# If your OS uses /boot instead:
# 192.168.1.66:/mnt/nfsshare/2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite/boot /boot nfs defaults 0 2
192.168.1.66:/mnt/nfsshare/2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite / nfs defaults,noatime 0 1

Unattended Installation

The steps outlined above will bring you to the goal described here, the OS will boot. However since the OS is being booted for the first time, you will likely be dropped into a setup wizard.

Approach

To avoid this, make use of unattended setup. There are a few ways to do this:

• Change the default init argument in cmdline.txt to run a shell script before systemd
  • running before systemd means you may be missing access to stuff you might need
• Leverage systemd in cmdline.txt to create a custom boot script, similar to what rpi-imager offers
  • this requires re-patching cmdline.txt afterwards in order to boot the system normally
• Provide a userconf.txt file in the boot directory, with a username and password
  • this only automates login credentials
• Use a tool like SDM to create a prepared custom IMG file
  • no complaints on this one, just not a good fit for right now

I’ll be utilizing the first option here, by injecting a shell script into the boot process that then executes systemd as typically intended.

Implementation

The shell script (named apply-config.sh here), is a highly modified version of the firstrun.sh file created by the Raspberry Pi Imager and is added to the OS partitions boot directory alongside a .config file, which is used to provide configuration values to the script - An example file is here

I’ve made modifications to this script to do the following:

1. Check if a /boot/.config file exists
2. Action the configuration(s) specified
3. Remove /boot/.config to prevent reconfiguration

So now all that is left is to copy the script and config file to to the OS boot directory:

cp -v -r ./src/bootstrap/netboot/assets/raspios/* ./src/bootstrap/netboot/os/2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite/

And add init execution to cmdline.txt:

echo " init=/boot/apply-config.sh" >> /mnt/tmp-img-boot/cmdline.txt

Our final cmdline.txt looks like this at the moment (adding the init script for unattended setup):

# cmdline.txt
ip=dhcp root=/dev/nfs rootwait rootdelay=5 rw \
nfsroot=192.168.1.66:/mnt/nfsshare/2023-12-11-raspios-bookworm-arm64-lite,v3,tcp,ro \
init=/boot/apply-config.sh

Next Steps

We should now have a fully working netboot Pi with SSH ready to go. Let’s see it in action :)